Evolution of Historiography of International Relations in the US
26/10/2005The Hist & oacute; Ria & maintaining ecirc; m constant di á immediately with Ci & ecirc; Human TRENDS, incorporating models, from these concepts and theories & uacute; FULL EXTENT (Moura 1989). The rec & iacute; procaine also & eacute; m & eacute; true to the extent that the ci & ecirc; human TRENDS applied also & eacute; m introduced an á analyzes hist & oacute; rich in their research.
In any field of knowledge, s & atilde, the quest & the otilde; s placed and poss & iacute; LEVELS avenues for benchmarks anal & iacute body be answered; tico. S & atilde; the guys who give us the frameworks for understanding & atilde; the hist & oacute development; rich field.
To better understand the changes & ccedil; & otilde; es and sophisticated & ccedil; & otilde, anal & iacute es; optical is made necessary & aacute; rio observe both the change & ccedil; the worldwide Quote & ecirc; TRENDS as the est & iacute; social mules and environment in which analysts live. No case US, profound change MAKE-DOM & eacute; sticas (especially in years 1960), the change & ccedil; the sist & ecirc, international mica (steady increase in participating & ccedil; & atilde; the US in the international system) and change & ccedil; international structural (US centrality in per & iacute; odo Cold War) They made the study of the relationship & ccedil; & otilde, international es n & atilde; s & oacute; Anal suffer constant wave & iacute; topical & but also eacute; m significantly broaden the objects of an á lysis.
The aus & ecirc; rigor INSTANCE cr & iacute; tico with regard & ccedil; & atilde, the the set of theories that arise in the US leads to the risk of discipline relationship & ccedil; & otilde, international es lose their focus (Thompson 1996). Analysts d & atilde, the excessive attention & ccedil; & atilde, the factors and the new experiments and, arise as new theories, old s & atilde, the secondary priorities. This movement gives rise to varied groups of analysts that focus only on their pr & oacute; Pippen research, ignoring the development of other research centers.
To contr & aacute; rio to what happens in Europe, US n & atilde; the & eacute; common thinking hist & oacute; ria of discipline in terms of schools of thought[1]. Them some intellectuals managed to create a uni & atilde, anal & iacute; tica, allowing the emergence centers relatively well defined and significant influ & ecirc; INSTANCE other on centers less exposure MAKE-HANDS, the. Even so, when we take the set & ccedil; & atilde; the school of thought in a less rigorous shed, we can say that there are THREE s schools in the US: Chicago; Harvard; Yale/Princeton.
In order to better understand the din & acirc; mica each of them and the environment in which they emerged, an proceed to a brief á evolution of the lysis MAKE-HANDS, the study of historical & oacute; Ria & relationship of ccedil; & otilde; s US International.
1870 – 1917 (Hist & oacute; ria Rom & acirc; ntica)
In the course of the s & eacute; nineteenth century prevailed in the US vis & atilde, the rom & acirc; semantics, so that an á analyzes hist & oacute; rich were understood by & eacute; s specific times & iacute; physical and exemplary characters, expressing as a narrative liter á ria.
1917 – 1920’ (Conservative evolutionism)
The study cient & iacute; get the relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s International (RI) as poss field has attributed veil acts & ccedil & atilde; the historian eat & ccedil or the United States ap & oacute; s World War I. In contraposi & ccedil; & atilde; the & aggravate; hist & oacute; ria Rom & acirc; semantics, It is looking to add a vision & atilde, the more realistic the world, characterized by a continuity R & oacute; gene (causes and effects) and the & aus ecirc; INSTANCE & evaluates the ccedil; & otilde; s in an á lysis. Its methodology follows a vis & atilde, the Rankean (Germany), that is, seeks to rebuild the & ldquo; indeed hist & oacute; rich” through & eacute; s of an á lysis of documents available & iacute; BATCH.
In the USA, such vile & atilde; it was called evolutionism conservative and it was marked by anal centrality & iacute; tica in establishing & ccedil; & otilde; es, disregarding the role played by personalities. It sought to identify the continuity of establishing & ccedil; & otilde; s the & conforms ccedil; & otilde; es of national life, following a strong push conservative nationalism, which enhances the stability pol & iacute; tica pa & iacute; s. Noting a strong inspires & ccedil; & atilde; the authors such as Darwin, Spencer e Tylor, He won a car & aacute; have strongly evolutionary unilinear.
The conservative nationalism that marked the US p & oacute; s Civil-War (1861-1865) and stimulated the movement of states & ccedil; & atilde, the national unity left by inheritance & ccedil; to the id & eacute; was that the state was the highest creates & ccedil; & atilde; institutional Humanity. This enabled the analysts highlight the social homogeneity and continuity hist & oacute; rich.
At this time, prevailed study hist & oacute; ria & aacute diplom; tica; who suffered a strong influ & ecirc; INSTANCE call & ldquo; historic & oacute; ria cient & iacute; is” practiced since the end of the s & eacute; nineteenth century. With a strongly etnoc profile & ecirc; nitric, sought to justify ccedil &; & otilde; es in the US cen & aacute; rio international basing on the superiority of the princess & iacute; pious b & aacute; serum of American society. Thus, its object an á lysis was centered in relation MAKE-otilde &; s inter, More specifically in relation MAKE-otilde &; s between foreign offices and methodology encompassed an á lysis official documents.
expressive authors: Tyler Dennet; Dexter Perkins; Samuel Bemis; Herbert Levi Osgood; Charles Andrews;
1930’ – 1940’ (Hist & COLLISION ria Progressista)
A new line anal & iacute; tica tried to reduce the excessive burden of establishing & ccedil; & otilde; es and continuity of meaning. Known as hist & COLLISION Progressista ria, his supporters believed that the hist & oacute; ria served & aggravate; better understanding & atilde, the problems of the present, and the evolution & ccedil; & atilde; hist & oacute; rich was driven by constant disruptions and conflicts.
Therefore, the an á analyzes shifted its focus from quest & atilde; pol & iacute; tica to the conditions & ccedil; & otilde, social and environmental es, that seriam conditions as das decis & otilde, is Pol & iacute; ticas. Proceeding to a subordinate MAKE-HANDS, the purposeful from past to present, in order to seek in the past only those factors that could help in understanding & atilde, the quest & otilde; s placed by this. & Ldquo; The institutions & ccedil; & otilde; es and the great men n & atilde, the explain the evolution & ccedil; & atilde; hist & oacute; rich, and they pr & oacute; prizes should be explained by fen & FLYING; least another b & aacute; serum of social life” (Moura 1995, p. 22).
To the field of relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s International, these historians have focused on is & ccedil; the pol & iacute; optical, econ & FLYING, medical and intellectual gift & eacute; sticas in its influ & ecirc; INSTANCE & ccedil in relation; & otilde; s outer pa & iacute; s. Thereby, An object of á lysis turned over to the study of pol & iacute; external optical than the proper relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s International pa & iacute; s. Historians atentavam for influ & ecirc; TRENDS of id & eacute; ias, environment pol & iacute; topical sun & eacute; septic and paper VIEW HANDS; p & uacute; Republic as important question & otilde; s for an á lysis of formula & ccedil; & HAND that of pol & iacute; External topical.
In fun & ccedil; & atilde; the change & ccedil; at the subject, the methodology is & ccedil, or historians to exceed the official documents and seek material an á lysis in research & VIEW atilde; p & uacute; Republic and other printed materials (as newspapers and magazines). At this time, pol & iacute; outer topical was understood as a continuation of pol & iacute; topical & gift eacute; septic[2].
The great limits & ccedil; & atilde, the this vile & atilde; it was their inability to recognize the limits imposed by international j & aacute system; which focused exclusively on an á lysis pol & iacute, external topical – which also & eacute; m may be a response & aggravate; s change MAKE-the syst & ecirc; upside. The constant search for set & ccedil; & atilde, the national n & atilde interests; the allowed is & ccedil; & atilde; the progressive school of RI, something that would require defining & ccedil; & otilde; es and concepts internacionalizadores; even so, his insistence & ecirc; INSTANCE the din & acirc; internal upside would be taken up by the & ldquo; revisionist school & rdquo;.
expressive authors: Frederick Turner; John Fuller; Joe P. Smith; Artur Whitaker; Julius Pratt; Harley Notter; Thomas Bailey; Charles Beard; Charles Austin Beard; Vernon Parrington;
1950’ – 1960’ (Hist & oacute; consensualist laugh or traditionalist)
The cr & iacute; the optical model based on din & acirc; social mica and polarizes & ccedil; & atilde; hist & oacute; rich led to the emergence of consensual model, which sought to identify consensual elements both society and the American culture. These elements therefore ensured continuity in the denominator were based & ldquo; car á have American & rdquo;. This new vis & atilde; it was strengthened by the pr & oacute; Pippen & conditions ccedil; & otilde; s historic & oacute; international rich – especially World War II and polarizes & ccedil; & atilde, the sist & ecirc; mica with Uni & atilde, the Sovi & eacute; tica (USSR) – that strengthened an agreed position statement, understood as expression & atilde, the homogeneity of the internal interests.
The strong presence & ccedil; the challenge Sovi & eacute; tico has become central in an á analyzes, SEQ & Nuuml; estrando almost all the effort MAKE-anal & iacute; toxic. Pol & iacute; tica US was, like this, understood as a response & aggravate; threats & ccedil; that the & ldquo; Free World” suffered by the communist world; thus, n & HAND further if resorted & aggravate; s quest & otilde; s & eacute gift order; as septic explanatory source pol & iacute; External topical.
In this scenario, appeared THREE core groups are:
conservatives: Right analysts who accused the government of Roosevelt leni & ecirc; INSTANCE before Stalin;
liberals: attentive & aggravate; communist ideology, favored the end of American isolationism and accepts & ccedil; & atilde; the their & ldquo; & rdquo global responsibilities;; e
realistic: accented Russian national interests, accentuating the car & aacute; having expansionist Sovi & eacute; tico as causing the dist & uacute; rbios p & oacute; s war. Also & eacute; m accused the pre á universal typical of Roosevelt and Truman in pautarem vis & otilde; s idealistic, so that disregarded the realities of power.
Of these THREE s groups, realists were the most impon & ecirc; INSTANCE reaches & ccedil; plow in studies on RI US. His perception & ccedil; & atilde, the an á rquica the cen & aacute; rio international countered directly & aggravate; j á weakened vis & atilde; the hist & oacute; ria progressive, I believed in evolution & ccedil; & atilde, the humanity. was added to this confrontation with totalit & aacute governments; rivers, so that the quest & atilde; the indoor unit soon became the quest & atilde; the national interest. Thus, the an á realistic analyzes have focused on the capabilities (capabilities) econ & FLYING; mica and state military to implement & ccedil; & atilde; the national interests.
To better understand the acts & ccedil; & atilde; the State an international order an á rquica, realism presupposes & otilde, and the consensus gift & eacute; stico, that is, aus & ecirc; INSTANCE of ideol & oacute conflicts; internal gene and anu & ecirc; INSTANCE as the shape of the pol & iacute; tica external. Thus, the consensualism presents itself as an important facet of vis & atilde; the realist.
expressive authors: Robert Divine; Robert Dallek; Walter Lippman; Hans Morgenthau; George Kennan; Robert Osgood; MacNeill; Edward Buehring; John Snell; Daniel Smith; Howard Beale; Loius Hall
1960’ – 1970’ (Revisionism)
The consensualism created a set of uniformities that soon had difficulties to explain the reality, especially when deep change & ccedil, social and pol & iacute; optics were seen in US society (Vietnam War & atilde;; civil rights movements, feminist and environment; esc & acirc; ndalo Watergate). Such cen & aacute; rio favored the emergence of a historic & oacute; laugh more guided social bases, so-called & ldquo; & rdquo oppressed;.
The belief & ccedil, the realistic internal consensus and external conflict suffered significant shocks to the emergence of a wave revisionist. Usually based on Marxist assumptions, sought to question the reason & otilde; es the presence & ccedil, the massive & ccedil; the US in the world, identifying the US the immediate p & oacute; s-World War II as one of the respons á LEVELS direct by the emergence of the Cold War. In general lines, this line of an á lysis sought to identify responsibilities in the US leads & ccedil; & atilde; that of neg & oacute; international heats, focusing also & eacute; m & motivates the ccedil; & otilde; s rulers and their perception & ccedil; & otilde; s question about & otilde; s International.
The US position in the cen & aacute; rio world, more than the consensus resulting from the whole society was perceived as the proje & ccedil; & atilde, the interests gift & eacute; sticos of US ruling elites who sought maintenance & ccedil; & atilde, the the relationship & ccedil; & otilde, structural s founding society.
In general lines, it can be said that the revisionists understood that the positioning of a pa & iacute; s on cen & aacute; rio international was based primarily on aspects gift & eacute; sticos. In this sense, pol RIVER external tica two pa RIVER ses was formulated na intera & ccedil; & atilde; or Eritreans policy-makers, the conception & ccedil & otilde, is the world and establishing & ccedil & otilde; es. It should be noted that this process always tend to meet the goals and interests of the ruling classes.
Given this centrality in gift & eacute aspects; sticos, revisionists ignored the limiting role of the international system so that the role to be played by the United States was too sharp.
expressive authors: A Williams; Gar Alperovitz; David Horowitz; Walter Le Feber; Joyce Kolko; Arno Mayer; Godon Levin Jr.; Gardner; Parrini; McCormick; Richard Barnet; Franz Schurman;
1970’ (P & COLLISION s-Revisionism)
The exclusive US blame for the emergence of the Cold War suffered severe cr & iacute; optical encouraging the emergence of an á analyzes that identified the two pot & ecirc; world TRENDS (US and USSR) as guilty by the emergence of the Cold War. This new form of analyzing the relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s International was called to p & oacute; s-revisionism.
Another important change MAKE-that occurred was the focus of the deviation of the question & otilde; s macro-structural econ & FLYING; upside to processes formula MAKE-HANDS, the pol & iacute; topical and strategy & eacute; gies of each of the parts, identifying the exaggeration in perception & ccedil; & otilde; es that US officials had in relation & ccedil; & atilde; the & aggravate; & Ldquo; & ccedil threat, the Sovi & eacute; tica & rdquo;.
Such change & ccedil, the made most analysts p & oacute; s-revisionist creditassem greater responsibility & aggravate; USSR than the US in the emergence of the Cold War j & aacute; in the case of this & uacute; last profile Democrat & aacute; optical limiting the role of decision-makers & atilde; the. Another part continued to accentuate the US responsibility in the emergence of the Cold War by & eacute; m, to contr & aacute; rio of revisionists who based their an á analyzes the expansionist profile of the capitalist system, p & oacute; s-revisionists argued that the projects pol & iacute; ticos & eacute; that generated econ expansionism & FLYING; Economic and, therefore, the trend & ecirc; INSTANCE conflict in the international system.
In general lines, THREE s were quest & otilde; s LAN lasting MAKE-revisionsita move the ADAS: (1) import & acirc; INSTANCE of US imperialist nature (vs. American virtuosity); (2) import & acirc; & INSTANCE the size atilde; econ & FLYING; mica the relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s International (vs. RELA & ccedil; & otilde, is power / bal RIVER brio power); (3) identifies & ccedil; & atilde, the gift & eacute factors; sticos as fundamental for understanding & atilde; the pol & iacute; tica external (vs. national interests).
expressive authors: Walker; Paterson; Yergin; Leffeler; Schlesinger Jr.; > Sherwin; B. Bernstein;
1980’ (anal Diversity & iacute; tica)
A dist & acirc; nce between historians and analysts relations & ccedil & otilde; is international (the so-called & ldquo; & rdquo internationalist;) weakens di á soon between hist & oacute; Ria and makes MAKE-HANDS; te & oacute; rich. In view of this, the object of study of the relationship & ccedil; & otilde, international es appeared overly broad (relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s inter, intersocietais, and transnational; I processo Decis & COLLISION river pol RIVER external tica; relationship & ccedil; & otilde; bilateral es), so that is possible the emergence of a myriad of theories and conception & ccedil; & otilde; s that have little relation MAKE-HANDS, the or di á immediately.
In the study of the international system as a whole THREE s anal lines & iacute; optical stand out:
realism: an á analyzes based on bal RIVER brio power They seek to identify the factors of preserving & ccedil; & atilde; the international system based on the power of large pot & ecirc; TRENDS.
(p & COLLISION s) revisionism: analyze the role hegem & FLYING; US single and conseq & uuml; & ecirc; TRENDS centrality in the international system, paying attention also & eacute; m for the US imperialist nature in the world.
globalism: breaks with the state in relation exclusivism & ccedil; & otilde; s International, seeks to incorporate & aggravate; s its an á analyzes new actors. It focuses also & eacute; m & accepts the ccedil; & HAND the rules and values as MAKE-HANDS, the international society. A & ecirc exist; INSTANCE T & oacute affairs, peaks to be handled by actors n & atilde, the state-lead to the emergence of transnational movements (ecirc & interdependent; nce econ & FLYING; mica, integrates & ccedil; & atilde; regional; movements VIEW & atilde; p & uacute; Republic, Quest & otilde; cultural order es).
In the study of formula MAKE-HANDS, the pol & iacute; to an external optical á lysis focuses on the decision processes & oacute; rivers. In general it is through the instrumental models, that can be used for a variety of chains you & oacute; rich. Based in conception & ccedil; & otilde; s rationalists, the models vary from those for which the makers of decision & atilde; T & ecirc; m well aware of all the vari á LEVELS and conseq & uuml; & ecirc; TRENDS their decision & otilde; s AT & eacute; game theory, through those in which disturbing events can modify the c á rational calculation.
Another anal line & iacute; tica of pol & iacute; tica external analyzes its formula & ccedil; & atilde; n & atilde, the decision in terms of & oacute process; river, By em for fun & ccedil & atilde; the conditions of pol & iacute; ticos and econ & FLYING; monkeys. As análises diplom & aacute; ticas retreat to the American colonial past or even the values of brit & acirc imperialism; nico.
expressive authors: G. Liska; W. S. Cole; J. Spanier; Robert Gilpin; Schurman; Hedley Bull; Vernon; Burton; Robert Keohane; Jpseph New; Robert Gilpin; Snyder; Bruck; Fir; James Rosenau; Steinbruner; Graham Allison; Paterson; Clifford; Rappaport;
Governo George W. Bush (Neo-conservatives)
With the administration & ccedil; & atilde; Bush a group of analysts turned into deciles & atilde maker, into pol & iacute; foreign and significantly changed the way it operates & ccedil; & atilde; the US in the international system. These analysts highlight the adviser to the Secret & aacute; rio Defense Paul Wolfowitz, Vice President Dick Cheney and the Secret & aacute; rio of State Colin Powell, of & eacute; m by Robert Kagan. The trace MAKE-common to these analysts & eacute; the id & eacute; was that the US should use its power to define the contours of international Contemporáneo & acirc system; neo.
The first generates & ccedil; & atilde; the neo-conservatives came in d & eacute; each 1960 as a college & ccedil; & atilde; the Democrats put up cr & iacute form; tica front of the liberal group that dominated the government of & eacute; era. A second generation & ccedil; & atilde, the portion had a m & iacute; nima Democrats and the rest was Republicans who focused on the study of pol & iacute; tica external, the end of the pol & iacute; affirmative optical and advocated reforms in the State of Social Welfare.
The current generates & ccedil; & atilde; the neo-conservatives argue that the US must face the challenge of controlling a unipolar world. Understand the world as a division & atilde; between the good and the bad, so that the United States should be willing to use its military power to prevent install & ccedil; & atilde; the international chaos. Haas (1997) It argues that the international system p & oacute; s Cold-War & eacute; as an old west, so that the US would be constantly called upon to play the role of sheriff.
His way of acting & ccedil; & atilde; the & eacute; more direct and seeks to avoid the contours of j & aacute diplomacy; n & atilde, the believe in establishing & ccedil; & otilde; multilateral es, since they limit American power. Defend an act & ccedil; & atilde, the preventive and the increase of US military power at & eacute; Reaches a state when n & HAND being á poss & iacute; level to another state question (Nationl Security Strategy, 2002).
The discussion & atilde; the current between the decision makers & atilde; the US, more than take care of the ends of pol & iacute; tica external, concentrated in an á means analyzes and implements & ccedil costs; HANDS, the.
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
Chicago School
The Chicago School has a posi & ccedil; & atilde, the central in the study of the relationship & ccedil; & otilde, international es given its worries & ccedil; & atilde; with the study methodology. Its object of study focused on establishing & ccedil; & otilde; es, in hist & oacute; ria and processes.
Charles Merriam (RI Department of 1923-1940) argued that the study on the US government should be based on the study of pol & iacute; tica as such. This led him to mind strongly the study of establishing & ccedil; & otilde; s pol & iacute; optical.
Harold Lasswell continued Merriam work analyzing the influ & ecirc; pol TRENDS & iacute; optical, social and psicol & oacute; gicas the right. Thus, sought to increase the accuracy cient & iacute; stay in the study of pol & iacute; topical.
Nathan Leites, in the footsteps of Lasswell studied the functioning of Politurbo to identify the pattern & atilde, the communist government behavior.
It can be considered as the true founder of the Chicago School Quincy Wright (He joined the department in 1931). His interest directly connected & aggravate; s relationship & ccedil; & otilde, international es gained him proemin & ecirc; INSTANCE over other analysts, solidifying id & eacute; ia a field study PR & oacute; prion. Highlighting the study of international law and organizes & ccedil; & atilde, the, ci & regarded ecirc; INSTANCE as a means to transform inch & iacute; topical. Among the key concepts developed by him are & atilde; Peace, law and order.
Hans Morgenthau entered the University of Chicago to temporarily replace Wright, I was away to attend the Nuremberg Tribunal. Constantly di á logo with Wright (international right) sought to develop the study of pol & iacute; tica international (continuity and change & ccedil; in the hist & oacute; ria of relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s International). His studies were centered on the rivalry pol & iacute; optics that, sometimes, culminating in conflicts. Thus, developed the concepts of power and bal has attributed lackluster power. The skepticism cient & iacute; get Morgenthau made him would focus more on the din & acirc; international upside than the capacity of ci & ecirc; INSTANCE change in the international system.
Harvard School
Harvard has a perst & iacute; gio by itself, which guarantees a strong influ & ecirc; INSTANCE about other study centers. During d & eacute; ed of 1930 e 1940, the ecirc &, anal & iacute emphasis; tica fell on the study of international law, when stood George Grafton Wilson (government department) e Manley Hudson (law School). No end gives d & eacute; each of 1940 the highlight of international law is lost & ccedil; to be replaced & iacute; of the theory pol & iacute; tica, and that studies of pol & iacute; w & optical uacute; PUBLIC largely occupied Analyst.
Escola Yale / Princeton
The Yale School / Princeton has as its central brand anal & iacute highlight; the optical guides & ccedil; & atilde; for the hist & oacute work; rich. The import & acirc; School INSTANCE came up with Nicholas Spykman, which analyzed the sociol & oacute bases; the pol gene & iacute; tica and international law. With his death in 1943, Arnold Wolfers became the central figure, highlighting the historical studies & oacute; rich on diplomacy and pol & iacute; tica.
The quality and quantity of scholars who have gone through this school were soon demanded by other establishing & ccedil; & otilde; es, in order to meet & aggravate; growing demand for relationship & ccedil courses; & otilde; s International.
final notes
A trend & ecirc; INSTANCE we can point along the evolution & ccedil; & atilde; that of an á analyzes on historical & oacute; ria of relationship & ccedil; & otilde; International & eacute es; a constant concern & ccedil; & atilde, the analysts in understanding the role played by the United States in the international system. With a much pragm strand & aacute; tica, its an á analyzes turn constantly to the resolutions & ccedil; & atilde, the problems specific & iacute; phage that arise before the insertion & ccedil; & atilde; international US.
Although the id & eacute; ia school of thought n & atilde, the is the right to think about the study of the relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s International in the United States, it can be used to identify the major centers influ & ecirc; INSTANCE in formula MAKE-HANDS, the Pol & iacute; US external topical. This is because, generally, h á a large fusion & HAND between the analysts and decision makers HANDS, the. Thus, when the pattern delineates & otilde; s study and most frequently used methodologies, we can identify the main delineadoras lines of international behavior of the United States.
Bibliography
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DOUGHERTY, James & PFALTZGRAFF JR., Robert. Contending theories of international relations – a compehensive survey. Harper Collins Publishers. New York, 1990 (3ª ed.).
DOYLE, Michael & IKENBERRY, G. (edits.). New thinking in international relations. Boudlerbach. Westview Press, 1997.
BAYLIS, John & SMITH, Steve. The globalization of world politics – an introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Oxford, 2001 (2ª ed.).
DOUGHERTY, James & PFALTZGRAFF JR., Robert. Contending theories of international relations – a compehensive survey. Harper Collins Publishers. New York, 1990 (3ª ed.).
DOYLE, Michael & IKENBERRY, G. (edits.). New thinking in international relations. Boudlerbach. Westview Press, 1997.
HAAS, Richard. Reluctant Sheriff – the United States after Cold War. Council Foreign Relations. 1997.
Moura, Gerson. & Ldquo; Historiography and relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s International” in International context, nº 10, jul-dez 1989.
_______. Hist & oacute; ria of a Hist & oacute; ria – Direction of North American Historiography in the S & eacute; twentieth century. Sao Paulo. Edusp, 1995.
THOMPSON, Kenneth. Schools of thought in international relations – interpreters, issues, and morality. Baton Rouge. Louisiana State University Press, 1996.
VIOTTI, Paul & KAUPPI, Mark. International relations theoru – Realism, Pluralism, Globalism. Allyn and Bacon. Massachusetts, 1993 (2ª ed.).
[1] More than exist & ecirc; INSTANCE a common research agenda, a school of thought found a group of analysts who share the same set of theories, m & eacute; and all other vis & otilde; s shared, Anal forming a dense body & iacute; optical.
[2] & Ldquo; A pol RIVER external & Eacute tica; amu gives pol phase RIVER internal tica, insepar one phase á level” – Charles Beard, President of American Historical Association (1930’), with Moura (1989: p. 69).
University of Brasilia
Department of International Relations
R & oacute; s Scales-MAKE-HANDS; the & ccedil in relation; & otilde; s International
Discipline: Historiography of Rela & ccedil; & otilde; s International (1º/2003)
Prof. Dr. Amado L. Cervo