State Reform: Systemic corrections vs. Structural changes
06/10/2005summary: The text addresses the question & atilde; the reform of the Brazilian State, for both discusses the quest & atilde; the Assembl & eacute; National Constituent going and their perception & ccedil; & otilde; es on the ideal shape of the State; the federal structure and the autonomy of federal entities, and its relations & ccedil; & otilde; es with constant institutional crisis; e, Lastly, discusses the quest & atilde; that of a national project and its relationship & ccedil; & atilde, with the conception & ccedil; & atilde, the State developed in Brazil. All this discussion & atilde; the & eacute; facing a cen á River inch & iacute; & FLYING toxic and econ; muta in medical MAKE-HANDS, the, discussing the prospects currently displayed on the reform of State.
atrocious fate that overwhelms the mind!
Extinguishes n'esta time the brig unclean
The rail Columbus Abrio in vacancies
As an iris in p & eacute; deep lake!
Mas & eacute; infamia more!… Da etherea plaga
Arise, New World heroes!
Andrada! Kicks off this pend & atilde; that of air!
Colombo! Close the door of your mothers!
Castro Alves (The Slave Ship)
No brazil, from promulgates & ccedil; & atilde; It is the & ccedil; & atilde; the 1988, We identify the most diverse orders problems (Econ & FLYING; monkeys, pol RIVER ticos, administrative, social…) and constitutional structures of which were linked. Like this, the lack of representation pol & iacute; tica would come from aus & ecirc; INSTANCE of district voting and lack of fidelity Party á ria; the Tribute & aacute problems; rivers were the result of a confusing and costly structure for the taxpayer; and so on.
In this climate, a huge set of studies and proposals is being presented, all looking for an opinion on the reforms for which the Brazilian state must pass in order to correct these v & iacute; constitutional heats. To know a little better the crisis through which we, we should put us a s & eacute; series of questions: Be & aacute; all the fault constitutes a & ccedil; & atilde, the ill-structured and there are deeper factors? Once reformed the Constitution, as Institut & ccedil; & otilde; is passar & atilde; or operating shapes as & eacute; provided no n RIVER vel S & oacute; rich? who sets, and forming, the depth of reforms? The National Congress & eacute; able to engage the reform of the State or would be necessary á laughed a summons & ccedil; & atilde; the new Assembl & eacute; National Constituent would?
It would be much pretens & atilde, the attempt to answer all these question & otilde; es. They n & atilde, the should be sought in the id & eacute; ias intellectuals or in the ccedil &; & otilde; es of pol & iacute; ticos: must be the result of a s & eacute debate, river and deep that can occur in society. I can say, because this debate does not always occur naturally; oftentimes, and I believe this & eacute; the current Brazilian case, They should be encouraged by the government (with all its state units) and the various social actors j & aacute; organized (how organized & ccedil & otilde; society is, universities and n STILL FLYING & econ cores; monkeys).
I take the opportunity of this text to present them some reflex & otilde; introdut & oacute es; holiday on the reform of State. Since j á esclare & ccedil, the n & atilde, the present models and suggestions & otilde; es of specific reforms to be made; instead, I try to highlight some elements that should be gift & iacute; nio commonplace those who would seriously discuss this question & atilde; the. More broadly, I believe that a reform of the Brazilian State n & atilde; achieve & aacute; alcan & ccedil, air lasting success without first discuss what & eacute; the Brazil.
Remember that the mechanistic thinking and their a & ccedil; & otilde; es immediatist, more than promote change & ccedil; structural, They work only with conseq & uuml; & ecirc; TRENDS & sist ecirc; mica. this text, see we shall questioned n & atilde; s & oacute; as & aggravate; s reforms t & eacute; techniques that must be made, but, about everything, as & aggravate; Brazilian society structure. To think the Brazil, teaches the teacher Francisco de Oliveira (2001), we should think (1) radically, minuets to break with repeated continually, and taking into account (2) Brazilian specificity.[1]
The ideal size of a state n & atilde, the can be given only in the face of arguments phyla & oacute; physical or even pol & iacute; ticos: must be the result of development of relationship & ccedil; & otilde; es between society, market and the state in the face of must-be. Although discussing the & ldquo; size” the state can only be a play on words – expressing the reality only through a simplified & ccedil; & atilde; T & atilde and the great which prevents any REFLECTION as s & eacute; ria –, I take this introduction & ccedil; & atilde, the point to which each of these concepts means, & atilde and only then, will depart for the magnet á more complex reality lysis. In this sense, by big state understand that having a or & ccedil; Big amento (in relative terms to GDP) e, therefore, an equally large workforce. J á the strong state & eacute; one whose a & ccedil; & otilde; es necessarily affect the social structure and relationship & ccedil; & otilde, social es (including, al & eacute; m & otilde the quest; s linked & worse; protection of privacy, those of citizenship and the market).
Anyway, only if based on ideal Weberian types can say that a kind of state & eacute; and other bad, good. Each State should be considered good when est & aacute; integrated with society, being a means to promote the welfare of the population & ccedil; & atilde, the. Perhaps one of the biggest problems of conceiving the state this way din & acirc; mica is the need to think temporally, that is, al & eacute; m observing the suit MAKE-HANDS, which is present in the society, also & eacute; m we must take into consideration & ccedil; & atilde, the the poss & iacute; LEVELS developments in future pr & oacute; ximo and far.
The modern state & eacute; the result of a special context; therefore, it is not a “natural evolution” of the social organization. Anyway, in its most abstract and generic aspect it has been adopted in all regions of the globe. This introductory warning is important., for it forces us to remember that the State is an institution and not a form of social organization. To understand the real importance of this, begin our study by the way & ccedil; & atilde, the Brazilian state rec & eacute; m-democratized.
After & oacute; s two d & eacute; ed military system (1964-1985), pa & iacute; s has been slowly redemocratized. As democracy n & atilde; the & eacute; just a t & eacute system; cynical choice of rulers, establishes the & ccedil; & atilde, the election of & ccedil; & otilde; s & n atilde alone; the & eacute; enough to concretiz & aacute; -la. Therefore, during the government of President Jos & eacute; Sarney was called one Assembl & eacute; National Constituent would, with prop & oacute; sito to write a new constitutes & ccedil; & atilde, the Brazilian.
Members of Assembl & eacute; Constituent would represent the most diverse currents pol & iacute; optical who worked in Brazil then & atilde; e was the SPACE; privileged to exposure & ccedil; & atilde, the desires and longings of this elite pol & iacute; tica. There we can find everything from defenders of the old patrimonialist clientelism to radical liberals. Despite all these differences, the deep-rooted mentality of Brazilians' dependence on the State – according to which it is believed that the State is capable of solving all the particular problems of citizens – made the main political currents present at the Assembly to seek the increase of statism, that is, the presence & ccedil, the state apparatus in the v & aacute; dimension & otilde dominant; s life.
It is A & ccedil; & atilde; the 1988 reflected this culture pol & iacute; tica, eventually repeating another character & iacute; Brazilian stica, that & eacute; the distance of the speech pre á topical. They were created huge state and parastatal structures to meet the wishes of the constituents, since they believed that the submission & atilde; the v & aacute; pr & aacute holiday, typical of social life & aggravate; s constitutional rules would be enough to ensure their standardizes & ccedil; & atilde, the, effective & ccedil; & atilde, the. When n & HAND if the occupying more specifically with the functionality and applicability of macropol & iacute, which were placed in optical constitutes MAKE-HANDS, the, constituents findaram by delaying resolutions & ccedil; & atilde; o a s & eacute; rie problems pol & iacute; ticos, social, tax and economic. These are the problems that, enhanced by changes in the international system and social structure, today they place the need for us to think about a profound reform of the Brazilian State.
Casuistry was one of the main drivers of the constituent activities, so that the constitutional text ended up becoming disjointed, silent and even conflicting. Among the problems of the text, two s & atilde, the key to discuss the reform of the state – although n & atilde, the are gaining due attention & ccedil; & atilde, the: the system of government and the federal pact.
The Assembl & eacute; Constituent was developed his work with a strong trend & ecirc; INSTANCE parliamentarism; however, j á pr & oacute; ximo the end of their work, reverted this trend & ecirc; INSTANCE, so that the presidential system was adopted. In view of the difficulty in constructing the constitutional text and the increase in popular pressure (who was beginning to be skeptical about the success of the Constituent Assembly), there wasn't enough time to “fix” the constitutional provisions on the Legislative Power, adapting them to the system then adopted.
The result was the establishment of a s & eacute; series of dispositions & ccedil; & otilde; es on compet & ecirc; TRENDS President of Rep & uacute; Republic and the National Congress that n & atilde; they could be harmonically combined. Between them, there is the ability to legislate, which generated a system that n & atilde; the & eacute; neither presidential nor parliamentary. & Eacute; by isso that as Provis & oacute; ria, it should be a resource for cases of exceptional ugh & ecirc; INSTANCE, It became commonplace; on the other hand, the Commission & otilde; Parliamentary es inqu & eacute; rite (CPIs) s & atilde, the form of the Congress stand in front of the VIEW & atilde; p & uacute; Republic.
Even in those cases in which the legislature plays its fun & ccedil; & atilde, the lawmaking, it & eacute; minimized, since the effects to be & atilde; produced by the law are not always & atilde; directly related to it. This is because the inter & ccedil; & otilde; es / layoffs & otilde; es and releases & ccedil; & atilde; the est & atilde funds, the under control of the executive branch, which has the power pr & aacute; optical administering the applicable & ccedil; & atilde, the standards.
Despite these v & iacute; legacy heats the Constituent, his work & eacute; fundamental, because it expresses a normative project pa & iacute; s. The pa & iacute; ses present actual and potential developments. While the first ones are the immediate result of a long historical process of elaboration of an adequate political culture (or not) to a state and market model, potential growth involves the ability to formulate an articulated national project, in order to be able to enlist society and institutions for its execution. It is a MAKE-HANDS; n & encompasses the atilde; s & oacute; regulates the & ccedil; & atilde; some of the pr & aacute; optical society, but also & eacute; m some of the goals you may have that company.
The Assembl & eacute; was decided by the Constituent maintenance & ccedil; & atilde; the federal system, but n & atilde, the necessary Minded & aacute; rio for recasts & ccedil; & atilde; the federal pact. The n & atilde; promote the new federal pact, Brazilian society[2] allowed the state structure to enter a pre-collapse situation, in which we live today. to explain this, we must start with the implementation of the system in Brazil.
Federalism was implemented in Brazil by the republican Constitution of 1891, and in your article 5º gave the task to each state to "provide, at their own expense, the needs of your government and administration". Thus, we can see that the birth of federalism was something imposed by the Republican constituents; However, d & some eacute; ed after j á showed their reality, is as explants & iacute; quote through the abrupt increase of the devices determined the RACING & ecirc; TRENDS Uni HANDS, the (see Table 1).
This increase of á themselves at the expense of the states of the devices, n & atilde; T & ecirc; m much greater range than that had the prob & iacute; TRENDS. The quest & HAND the central, in this sense, n & atilde; the & eacute; the possibility of electing a local authority, but the extension & atilde; the prerogatives. & Ldquo; The major legislative guidelines, elaborates & ccedil; & atilde; that of large administrative projects, social and economic & FLYING; s & atilde monkeys, or all of the MAKE-ada central government; it is enough to examine Articles 21 e 22 It is the & ccedil; & atilde, the Federal” (SILVA, 1989, p. 135).
Table 1: Evolution & ccedil; & atilde; the constitutional devices on compet & ecirc; TRENDS Uni & atilde; the
|
Is & ccedil; & atilde, the
|
Dispositives
|
|
1891
|
6 (art. 9°)
|
|
1934
|
41 (arts. 5° e 6°)
|
|
1937
|
11 (arts. 14 e 15)[3]
|
|
1946
|
33 (art. 5°)
|
|
1967
|
43 (art. 8°)
|
|
1988
|
61 (arts. 21 e 22)
|
N & HAND just in the, however, think Federa & ccedil; & atilde, the Brazilian only through its forms & ccedil; & atilde; legal: we need to address the actual operation of this system in society. Following the thought of the scientist pol & iacute; optical Umberto Cerroni (1993), we regard the modern state as a pol & iacute system; representative optical. Thus, although technically the State means the land jur & iacute; physician and pol & iacute; typical of a certain sovereignty-people-territory & oacute; River, we cannot understand it only through its legal or political dimension.. The main element to understand the development of a specific State is the correlation between the development of a people (process in which the nation is perceived) and its geo-historically and socioeconomically formed identity.
there is a true story – which could well be an anecdote – that demonstrates the Brazilian legal complexity, that allows governments to always find resources to evade the responsibility they are endowed with.: the protection of alligators in Brazil follows this logic: "if the animal was in the water, the competence would be of the Superintendence of Fisheries Development (Sudepe); if on the riverbank, would belong to the Special Secretariat for the Environment (Schema); e, if a little down to earth, the competence would be of the Brazilian Institute of Forestry Development (IBDF) (…). N & HAND being á worth remembering that at & eacute; BEHIND few years; s & disp uacute; nhamos a oacute &; rg & atilde, the Commission called & atilde, the Executive Cassava” (SILVA, 1989, p. 128).
The Brazilian institutional complexity easily transformed into institutional crisis or omission & atilde; state. This being true and denying id & eacute; was that democracy & eacute; only a choice of governing system, we must proceed & aggravate; An á lysis democratic.
There are four references b & aacute; serum that can point us to exist & ecirc; INSTANCE of democracy: (1) HANDS division; among the THREE s powers; (2) extension & atilde, the civil rights and individual p & uacute; blicos; (3) participates & ccedil; & atilde, the popular; e (4) is & ccedil; & atilde, the popular. J & aacute; or conte STILL do democr & aacute; tico (culture hub & iacute; tica) s & oacute; be & aacute; present if these benchmarks are app á able at themselves, that is, n & HAND can be controlled by the external elements to them. In this case, we have ways of trace Government & aacute; rquico Masquerade & ccedil; ado democracy.
O ide & aacute; rio democr & aacute; tico, with its origin in the Greek polis, sets tends to cancel the & ccedil; & HAND between the rulers and the ruled; like this, s & oacute; would actually reaches & ccedil; ado when all equally participate in decision & otilde; es pol & iacute; optical. Given the complexity of Contemporáneo world & acirc; neo and incr & iacute; vel increase in concentrates & ccedil; & otilde; s population, this ide & aacute; rio would be held indirectly, by creating & ccedil; & atilde, the direct channels to participate & ccedil; & atilde, the. This also & eacute; m encountered problems in its effective & ccedil; & atilde, the, because to participate with the depth & eacute; required in this case the citizens & atilde, the should devote as much time to the quest & otilde; s & p uacute; Republics that little or no would be left to their private affairs.
Large population concentrations would also impede the functioning of a system of direct participation, because the time needed to articulate citizens around each of the issues to be deliberated would be such that the governmental functions would be constantly paralyzed. In the face of these difficulties, indirect democracy emerged, in which some members are chosen who will deal with government affairs on behalf of the others..
We do not need more detailed studies to realize that Brazilian democracy is still in a rudimentary state. Despite the enormous technical advances we have found in the Brazilian democratic process (of electronic voting machines and e-mail from government officials to the Courts of Auditors and the Public Ministry), to participate & ccedil; & atilde, the popular and effective is & ccedil; & atilde, the popular still find many obstacles in n & iacute; vel culture pol & iacute; tica. That, Allied to that was identified by globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the (we will return to this theme in & ldquo; globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the: some notes & rdquo;), helps legitimize & ccedil; & atilde; the reform of the State speech. Let's look at some of their means & ccedil; & otilde; es.
The most radical groups, neoliberals and known to ultraliberal, They support the thesis that the state & eacute; harmful whenever Interval & eacute; m in the economy, damaging the better allocates & ccedil; & atilde, the resource. Like this, placed in a position & ccedil; & atilde; the attack in relation & ccedil; & atilde, the the State. At the moment at which the globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the, however, State n & atilde, the more can be understood as an enemy; instead, It has to be the ally, to receive support and strengthen, Power & aacute; act for those organizing & ccedil; & otilde; es, dams ao n & iacute; vel national, who supported. But as focus in the state just when he has been heavily criticized?
& Eacute; lembrarmos important that Pol & iacute; tica & eacute;, By defining & ccedil; & atilde, the, the realm of discourse and, thus, such question s & oacute; & Eacute; Cab & iacute; level within a given speech. What we propose in this paper & eacute; precisely the debate, that is, to presen & ccedil; to ative of v & aacute; rivers speeches pol RIVER politico-economic & ocirc; micos.
Increasing the speed of information and production flows, that promote equally rapid changes in social organization and in the way actors understand this organization, makes that movements previously identified with universalist values now find themselves linked to more localized issues. Thus, associations undergo changes, and so old partners can find themselves on different sides now, and vice versa.
the new localism, more than on the quest & otilde; s cultural and / or & eacute; techniques (n & HAND being in some pa & iacute; ses which are & HAND experiencing the passage of modern structures for traditionalists), are á from daily life and their conditions & ccedil; & otilde; s reproduction of MAKE-HANDS, the (as well shows the great attention & ccedil; & atilde, the given quest & otilde; es as unemployment, to educate & ccedil; & atilde; and the sa & uacute; of). By focusing on pre á typical everyday, institutions/organizations should seek to link up with those directly involved with it., which puts bureaucracy and the state apparatus in another prism.
Generally, the perception of a state crisis is widespread; However, the depth of the crisis is very debatable.. We currently have the perception of a very acute crisis, as h & aacute; one convergence & ecirc; INSTANCE speeches putting their institutional elements in question & atilde; the, which decreases the legitimacy given to the social pact. Thus, AT & eacute; even the est & atilde laws, the being privatized (s & oacute; s & HAND followed when the ben & eacute; in the immediate physical). Is mean or State – which are & oacute; must be accepted in some cases you & oacute; rich, for pr & aacute; tica of estudos spec RIVER GRAPHICS – as a system of administration & ccedil; & atilde, the, & Eacute; important to keep in mind that the administration & ccedil; & atilde; surrounds what & eacute; administered (and p & uacute; PUBLIC), the administrator (groups which are & HAND in the institutional power) and the purpose of administering & ccedil; & atilde, the (maintenance & ccedil; & atilde; the design of a pol & iacute; tico). That is, in & uacute; last An á state serves lysis, in this sense, for preserving & ccedil; & atilde, the a certain status quo or its substitutes & ccedil; & atilde, the.
Thus, the state has always been in check, as it represents and forces the observance of a national project – unless there is a crisis that makes it impossible to formulate national projects, leading to the dismantling of the State among the various groups that manage to approach it. The trend, em um Estado que tem um projeto nacional, é transformar os objetivos políticos do grupo que o domina em demandas sociais, garantindo a legitimidade necessária à promoção desses objetivos.
& Eacute; the aus & ecirc; INSTANCE of a national project in Brazil that makes the state Stop & ccedil, the (e, in this sense, indeed is) in a deep crisis; abstract & allowing technocratic speech, in which the optical inch & iacute; s optical adopted HANDS; n & presented as the HAND the pol & iacute; topical. This tecnocratiza & ccedil; & atilde, leads to a acentuamento the institutional crisis of the state, since the question of civil society shall be directed to the state structure and n & atilde; for the rulers, placing citizenship as ab & oacute; bada old cathedral g & oacute; tica, open & ccedil; ada both the left and the right.
What we think is the current questioning of the state by the & ldquo; inexor á LEVELS is & ccedil; the of globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the” is part of the conception & ccedil; & atilde; the current world, trying to drop some fun & ccedil; & otilde; s state through its destruction & ccedil; & atilde; or the transfer to civil society. The State & eacute; an identity pol & iacute; tica. Dizer que ele está perdendo sentido é muito, posição que peca pela simplicidade pois resume-o à condição de um centro de formulação de políticas econômicas. Ainda existem várias formas de desenvolvimento que dependem de escolhas no âmbito nacional, ainda que restringidas pelo nível internacional.
O Estado brasileiro não oferece serviços públicos, porém estatais. The service MAKE-p & uacute; s & blicos HAND facing the promo MAKE-HANDS, the maintenance and MAKE-HANDS, the SPACE; p & uacute; PUBLIC; when the service & ccedil; those provided by n & atilde State; s & atilde, the universaliz á LEVELS (either because n & atilde; can cover the whole society, as & eacute; the case of security & ccedil, the, either because & ldquo; expelled” citizens & atilde; the way they treat & ccedil; & atilde, the, as & eacute; the case of sa & uacute; for the more affluent groups), the state is & aacute; rewarding / punishing certain groups. This causes the SPACE; p & uacute; PUBLIC become something even more distant and intang & iacute; vel, even because you do not care & ccedil; & atilde, the state and civil society: the channel acts & ccedil; & atilde; pol & iacute; tica become other than n & atilde; those desired.
Think the State (kind, scope and size) & Eacute; An Army & iacute; ret & oacute cesium; rich if done in isolation and closed in itself. O Estado é uma materialização das relações sociais de poder, as well as an intricate and interdependent set of instruments that allow a worldview to be transformed into fulfilling practices. Formal models of state should not be judged on their own, but in its relations with social reality; in this sense, the State must be minimal in those social sectors that have an already solidified internal articulation., limited to the role of controller of the order. At the same time, should be m & aacute; ximo in disjointed social sectors, or incipient fragile structure. Even so, n & atilde, the the state must determine and manage all the dimensions & otilde; es that social sector, at the risk of becoming a State totalit & aacute; rio. And in both cases must be strong.
The reformist speeches, on one side and the other, exaggerate in their position & ccedil; & otilde; es in order to seek legitimacy for a much deeper reform than can be done. Recalling that the State & eacute; an institution & ccedil; & atilde; and the, therefore, n & atilde, should be the sole driver of a change & ccedil; social, we can better face these positions & ccedil; & otilde; es. A chain believes:
no s & eacute; ass XX, all power was defined in relation & ccedil; & atilde; and the fun & ccedil; & atilde; the State. Given the difficulty of Desmont & aacute; it, power econ & FLYING; monkey chose feuded & aacute; it. The result & eacute; the state still has a significant weight in society, but from him no longer emanate political values, and yes economical. (RAMONEDA, 2000, p. 54.)
The other current defends the need to undertake a set of reforms that could take the State off society, without realizing that we must be busy correcting the oppressive factors.
The State lost part of its autonomy of action with globalization, but the biggest impact was the breakdown of the post-World War II Keynesian consensus., which gave legitimacy & aggravate; intervention & ccedil; & atilde; the state in various spheres of social life, mainly in the economic & FLYING; mica. The new consensus that the time is formed – first among elites and, now, the population & ccedil; & atilde, the – & Eacute; the that both the government and the pol & iacute; tica, on the negative impacts that cause (those moments the good results s & atilde, the forgotten), s & atilde, the harmful & aggravate; trumpeted EFICI & ecirc; allocative INSTANCE markets. Vale, Yet, emphasize that efficient market n & atilde; the means, necessarily, a balanced society.
According to Sachs Igancy (cited Bresser Pereira, 1999), the state's role has been discussed since the Second World War at different stages, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Evolution & ccedil; & atilde; the anal & iacute reference; tico role of the state
|
Phase
|
Character RIVER sticas
|
|
Sets MAKE-HANDS, the
(1945-1970)
|
– increased intervention & ccedil; & atilde; government;
– nationalizes & ccedil; & atilde, the;
– & extends ccedil; & HAND regulates the MAKE-HANDS, the
|
|
Trans & ccedil & atilde; or
(1970-1980)
|
– predominance of anti-interventionist economic theories
|
|
Deregulation
(1980-present)
|
– reduced government intervention;
– privatizations and budget cuts;
– deregulates & ccedil; & atilde, the
|
Within neoliberal reasoning, the proposals of Keynes and the developmentalists who sought to develop industrialization, full employment and production growth combined with better income distribution lose ground, with macroeconomic balance and financial stability becoming the central objectives. once reached, the Keynesian goals would be realized as a result of them.. Like this, we can say that development has been replaced by growth.
O programa neoliberal (que não é propriamente de origem liberal, senão em face de uma grande deturpação dos pressupostos liberais clássicos) n & HAND clearly distinguishes privatize & ccedil & atilde; or, the deregulates & ccedil; & atilde, the, the liberalization & ccedil; & atilde, the markets and modernizes & ccedil; & atilde, the (Osvaldo Sunkel, cited Bresser Pereira, 1999). While THREE s s the 1st & atilde, the resources that can be used to alcan & ccedil, air certain goals, modernizes & ccedil; & atilde; the & eacute; something which is more complex and á directly connected & aggravate; & culture and worse; s & establishing ccedil; & otilde; s of a people, as well as the types and rules governing the relationship & ccedil; & otilde; s society market-State; that is, ADO MAKE-HANDS, the – at any depth – any of the THREE elements are not mentioned before HANDS; the & eacute; enough to ensure the modernization & ccedil; & atilde, the society, being, before, almost natural demand that modernizes & ccedil; & atilde, the.
In order to continue with this discussion & atilde, the, We note that capitalism are á facing the econ & FLYING interests; immediate medical, so that companies seek to unilaterally impose the solution & ccedil; & otilde; s more they seem interesting (REAL, 2000a, p. 25). The market, as establishing & ccedil; & atilde; the capitalist, are á ruled on utilitarianism and immediacy.
The fall of the Berlin Wall, In a first moment, He led & aggravate; hegemony of the capitalist discourse, but appeared as new or hidden problems enabled the development and / or strengthening other positions & ccedil; & otilde; s n & atilde, the the gen & eacute; rich & ldquo; capitalist” e “socialista” dos tempos da Guerra Fria. Between them, podemos identificar o neoliberalismo argumentado (que procurou diminuir o Estado e reduzir a ação política às questões econômico-financeiras, compreendendo o Estado como um ente financeiro-administrativo) e a Terceira Via[4] (que identifica a importância do livre mercado ao mesmo tempo que reconhece a falência do Estado entendido como empreendedor, buscando uma nova posição para ele).
According to the World Labor Report 1997-1998, of the Organization & ccedil; & atilde, the International Labor, the
economists tend to think of the market and the government as substitutes. Much of the intervention & ccedil; & otilde; es Government & eacute; & worsening seen as the enemy; & ccedil operates; & atilde, the markets. On the other hand, the expansion & atilde; the market & eacute; perceived as harmful & aggravate; effectiveness of the ccedil &; & otilde; s government – in n & iacute see macro and EBRD stands & FLYING; monkeys. Contrariamente ao que muitos economistas poderiam esperar, o escopo de ação do governo tem crescido, e não diminuído. Com efeito, reduzir as dimensões do Estado – what has been a trend of the years 90 – can threaten the maintenance of free trade on a global scale. Globalization requires big, and not small governments.
To some extent, markets are self-destructive. If left to their own devices (what, a rigor, n & atilde; the & eacute; poss & iacute; vel, as the market & eacute; an institution & ccedil; & atilde; e, therefore, & Eacute; one emanates & ccedil; & atilde, the society, implying influ & ecirc; social sciences), actors look & atilde, the leverage – a rational perspective – their interests. A first point to note & eacute; not always the conjun & ccedil; & atilde; that of the econ & FLYING interests; tamarins (especially at this stage of world capitalism, when a few loved econ & FLYING; monkeys dominate much econ & FLYING flow; mico world) It leads to a situation & ccedil; & atilde; please á vel for society as a whole, which can be seen clearly through the crisis ecol & oacute; gene that lies ahead. Another important point & eacute; & ecirc the tendon; INSTANCE & aggravate; medium & ccedil; & HAND the card & eacute; is & MONOP and oacute; IOLs, the result of the attempt by some groups econ & FLYING; monkeys to avoid the costs of a Competition & ecirc; INSTANCE econ & FLYING; real mica; this leads & aggravate; decreases & ccedil; & atilde; and the AT & eacute; & even worse; cancels & ccedil; & atilde; the ability to choose (remember that argues ccedil &; & atilde; pr & oacute; -freedom market appeared to defend the free choice of all loved econ & FLYING, monkeys and n & atilde; s & oacute; the productive sectors).
The market: an institution & ccedil; & atilde, the
State and market s & atilde, the two establishing & ccedil; & otilde; es created by society: the first, to regulate or coordinate all social life including establishing market standards; the second, to coordinate the production & ccedil; & atilde, the goods and service & ccedil; performed by the indiv & iacute; duos and businesses. And establishing & ccedil; & otilde; es, State and market s & HAND creates & ccedil & otilde; society is, s & atilde, the extension & otilde; s social life, they need, every moment, every time hist & oacute; rich, be reviewed and reformed. (Bresser Pereira, 1999, p. 71.)
This raises the question of identifying which social actors are in a better position to undertake the reform.. Anyway, it should be noted that, in this process, only society is a sociological category. The market and the state are institutions, that is, if the reform is carried out on the institutions, only society is able to undertake it. Wanting to reform society through reform and subsequent imposition of a model by institutions carries a very high risk of failure, in addition to the huge social costs that come with it..
The relations between the State and the market undergo changes in the face of new forces that start to act at the social level. Each of them favors a certain social group. Each of these groups takes advantage of, through & eacute; s a pr & aacute; tica discourse that takes into account the strength & ccedil; that you d & aacute; legitimacy, promote your defense kind of state that seeks (See Table Table 3).
Table 3: New for MAKE-social and social actors resulting
|
For new & ccedil; the
|
Strengthening actors
|
|
increased productivity and income with increased inequality
|
neocons
|
|
New Defaults & otilde; is & relations ccedil & atilde; the socio & FLYING; mono-cultural, identified by globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the
|
left burocr & aacute; tica
|
|
consensus on the need for democracy
|
Third social-liberal way
|
By means of an á more careful lysis and free from bias ideol & oacute; gene, we realize that the market & eacute; an extremely competent system to allocate resources; correcting problems linked & worse; natural trend & ecirc; the capitalist INSTANCE MONOP & oacute; lesson, the operation of the market approaches the perfection & ccedil; & atilde, the prop for what & otilde; and. The quest & HAND which should be placed & eacute; to the inputs and outputs of the system. Generally, discusses the conseq & uuml; & ecirc; TRENDS that the market has for the other dimension & otilde; s social life (the most serious s & atilde; the resulting turns & the ccedil; & atilde; the difference ccedil &; the inequality in), ignoring the feed MAKE-HANDS; the R & oacute; market gene. The market responds in the best way (rational) the wishes of consumers (sometimes, irrational). Like this, it is up to the State to take an active position in these cases as well.. Perhaps a good way of looking at the market is to differentiate between social utility and personal value that a product has.; thus, we will be able to treat the market as something dynamic and, about everything, intermediary, abandoning more radical positions that present the market as something above and, to some extent, isolated from social dynamics (remember that the market & eacute; institutionalizes & ccedil & atilde; the relationship of & ccedil & otilde; it is the social nature of econ & FLYING; mica).
short, this thesis & eacute; advocated by Professor Reale (2000a, p. 15), according to which the current crisis of capitalism n & atilde; power & aacute; only be resolved with measures of financial and econ & FLYING; mica, it is because & ccedil; s & oacute the capitalists; obey their pr & oacute; prio interest. Outro ponto importante de ser destacado é o de que o crescimento econômico trata genericamente a sociedade, that is, é preciso algum controle e intervenção estatal para corrigir algumas desigualdades que têm origem sociocultural, como fica claro no caso das mulheres e dos negros.
A crise do Estado brasileiro, como nos aponta Lourdes Sola (cited Bresser Pereira, 1999), não tem seus fundamentos apenas naquilo identificado com a crise fiscal, with the mode of intervention & ccedil; & atilde, the economics or the management method & atilde; the; the focus should be directed to the crisis of legitimacy & ccedil; & atilde; the State. The new conditions & ccedil; & otilde; structural es Contemporáneo & acirc world, neo gave greater fluidity & aggravate; s national borders, which affects the traditional legitimate & ccedil; & atilde; what the state had a certain territory & oacute; River. Na I & eacute; rica Latina, the State acted as a capitalist development agent (which implies v & iacute; the heats solidifies & ccedil; & atilde; the capitalism, what, in its version & atilde, the pure, It requires an almost non-existent acts & ccedil; & atilde; the State in order to enhance the & is ccedil; the market and avoid any distortion ex & oacute; geno), so that the respons was á level by incorporating MAKE-HANDS; and the, to some extent, management & atilde; the new groups in the capitalist system. When he goes into crisis, n & atilde, the it is only a matter & atilde; the institutional functioning (which a company with managerial problems or revenue), but involves, about everything, how to atilde & cohesion, the social.
State reform has become central to the d & eacute; each 1990, in the face of the crisis end & oacute; fathers of the state and the challenge posed by globalization called & ccedil; & atilde, the (which limits state autonomy). Like this, State reform has to be based on two different points: (1) reduction & ccedil; & atilde; the state's size and (2) empowers & ccedil; & atilde, the to meet the challenges of globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the.
No mundo pós-Guerra Fria tanto o discurso quanto as ações daquilo que é hoje chamado de globalização[5] mostraram-se muito mais fortes do que as forças que prevaleciam no momento anterior, com destaque para a força ideológica e para a militar – o “mundo do comércio” de Richard Rosecrance (1986). One of the main characteristics that comes from this is the questioning of national sovereignty, since both indiv & iacute; duos as the states would be more dependent on external factors, with little chance of influencing these factors. No d & uacute; life, the cl & aacute sovereignty; n & ssica atilde, the more can be applied in reality Contemporáneo & acirc; nea, but even so we are allowed to declare an end. Like this, the process is now á ongoing n & atilde, the should be understood simply as a & ccedil decreases; & atilde; the power of states, but as something that forces us to rethink the function of power.
Adam Przeworski (1996), criticizing the most radical neoliberal position, it is contrary to the total limitation of the State's capacity to intervene in the economy. He argues that intervention, whenever focused on the best allocation of resources, is important. To achieve this goal, believes in the need for institutional reform, so that the state would offer informs & ccedil; & otilde; s and AT & eacute; even incentives for econ & FLYING agents; medical act in a more cooperative. If this proposal in theory & eacute; interesting, the pre á optical shows it is dif & iacute; cil applies MAKE-HANDS, the, especially pa & iacute; ses such as Brazil.
So, continuing on our journey to understand the Brazilian reality and poss & iacute; LEVELS ways of change & ccedil; the, we again encounter with globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the, it only limits the power of acts & ccedil; & atilde; the State. The great respons á vel by low capacity to formulate and implement pol & iacute; optical & eacute; lack of governance (legitimacy in & getting worse; civil society to implement & ccedil; & atilde; the pol & iacute; optical) & ccedil and govern; to (aspects linked to t & eacute; cnicos State, encompasses sa & uacute, financial as well as the state tables t & eacute; cnicos and institutional necessary á rivers to implement & ccedil; & atilde; that of pol & iacute; optical).
With Revolu & ccedil; & atilde; the 1930 and the attempt to overcome & ccedil; & atilde; the olig & aacute State; rquico, the relation & ccedil; & atilde, the between civil society and the state has changed in such a way that no specific group & iacute; get was able to offer the legitimacy of state power, as occurred at & eacute; then HANDS, the.
From then HANDS, the, the maintenance of power was associated with the capacity of the State to respond to the basic demands of this new political actor, and to manipulate it against or in favor of the interests of different social groups. The State sets itself up as the arbiter of national interests, regulating and maintaining a supposed balance of national interests, regulating and maintaining a supposed balance between classes, al & eacute; m perform a pol & iacute; tica incisive co-opts & ccedil; & atilde, the and control the masses. (SILVA, 2000, p. 151.)
Even with the pol & iacute; adopted optical, & Eacute; diff & iacute; cil say that there was a social democracy in Brazil, or even a state capitalist intervenor; its the ccedil &; & otilde; es were voted for maintenance & ccedil; & atilde; the legitimacy of state power, which implies a certain continuity of the status quo pol & iacute; tico.
At that point the quest & atilde; social & ccedil eat; ava to be recognized, by the Brazilian government, as something universal. However, the way of working with it shouldn't simply be imported. This recognition was not the result of social conflicts., but coming from the conscience of the revolutionaries of 1930. In this sense, the traditional logic according to which the State forges the structure of civil society has not been broken – and not the other way around, as expected. currently, when we think about the necessary reforms, s & oacute; We discuss those directly linked to & acirc; & econ-productive FLYING scope; mico, transforming the state agent pol & iacute; tico in regulating & ccedil agent; & atilde; econ & FLYING; mica. Each of the reforms in question & atilde; the, It is important, They must be analyzed under the & oacute; ethics of civil society structure; before simply withdraw some á areas, the State shall promote conditions & ccedil; & otilde; es for a self-organizing & ccedil; & atilde, the civil society, so that it can better meet the growing challenges of a world increasingly complex. While civil society n & atilde, the structure has an m & iacute; nima that enable self-sufficiency, emptying the State & eacute; a crime that undermines democracy and against freedom.
To think of the state & eacute reforms; fundamental terms Awareness & ecirc; special paper INSTANCE that the state has played, embodying conflicts between social groups rather than being the trophy of winning groups (as some theories of hegemony proclaim, especially Gramsci). In this sense, numa primeira onda de reforma devemos realizar mudanças naquelas atividades estatais que mais limitam o desenvolvimento dos grupos sociais; na segunda onda, devemos contemplar a outra face da moeda, that is, & Eacute; I need to carry out some reforms enabling it to participate & ccedil; & atilde, the most Democr & aacute; tica and m & uacute; ltipla in the Brazilian state – thus, we are & ccedil; osamente in the & ccedil; & atilde; the society in the functioning of the State.
Brazilian reforms occur around Stats & iacute; sticas and under the AUSP & iacute; heats of a discourse of historical inevitability & oacute; rich. The n & atilde reforms; s & atilde, the companies, then n & HAND may contain the á beys. Devem se basear nos sonhos da sociedade em vez que o Estado existe para servir a sociedade e não o contrário.
Melhorar o desempenho” é o novo grito de guerra, baseado na idéia de que o Estado deve eliminar os entraves burocráticos e a tendência ao déficit e à baixa qualidade dos serviços oferecidos. Os ajustes que disso advêm são “1. as novas exigências de uma economia de mercado globalizado na produção e no consumo; 2. the conseq & uuml; & ecirc; TRENDS the process deploys & ccedil; & atilde, the age of a reports & ccedil; & atilde, the; 3. the peculiarities of life in the globalized environment & ccedil; & atilde, the; e 4. the changes & ccedil; & otilde; es in relation & ccedil; & otilde; es pol & iacute; topical international ap & oacute; s dismantling of the Uni & atilde, the Sovi & eacute; tica. (Jorge Wilheim, cited Bresser Pereira, 1999, p. 18.)
State reform must take into account the structure that has been created since the emergence of the State. He, historically, we see a struggle to protect citizens & atilde; those of an overly strong state, currently there is the need to control and combat the capture of the state by private interests. These interests s & atilde, the, sometimes, Masquerade & ccedil; ed econ & FLYING interests; broader monkeys. That, however, & Eacute; a vision & atilde; very fatalistic State[6] and its relations & ccedil; & otilde; es with society and the market, al & eacute; m to turn the state into a mechanism econ & FLYING; mico that seeks to reduce the costs and risks for enterprises. no end, a State of this type can override the possibility of company development, because only cover up & aacute; those developments that promise of these econ & FLYING return; mico.
The econ reform & FLYING; mica was important to end the MONOP & oacute; aids blocking the production & ccedil; & atilde; and the circulating & ccedil; & atilde; the wealth. Then, deveriam ter feito a reforma política, uma vez que a Assembléia Nacional Constituinte criou uma Constituição que não se sabe ao certo se é presidencialista ou parlamentarista (prova disso é a previsão de um plebiscito para que o povo escolhesse). Isso faz que o presidente comporte-se como um primeiro-ministro, buscando a construção de uma base parlamentar de sustentação. Like this, as diversas casas do Legislativo (Congresso Nacional, Assembl & eacute; ias Legislative and C & acirc; Municipal maras) spend more time acting on quest & otilde; s electoral immediately reach than actually legislating.
At this time, & Eacute; & Uacute; til & take advantage of the discussion otilde; s performed at & eacute; this point and think a little more carefully what & eacute; the globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the, for, like this, make some proposals on how the state should be. Observe que aquilo convencionalmente chamado globalização é um conjunto de movimentos multidimensionais e, sometimes, contraditórios entre si. Deve-se manter em mente que, a despeito de tudo isso, a lógica que a compõe é a lógica do fluxo.
Dizem que o movimento globalizador convive paradoxalmente com a regionalização (Mercosur, Nafta, European Union…). Note-se que essa visão enfoca-o não como um processo multidimensional, but as a process & uacute; nico. Thinking of flows, it is clear that regionalization & ccedil; & atilde; the & eacute; necessary á laughed the production flow and, in some cases, the cultural flow.
While the international financial flow has is & ccedil, the moves & ccedil; & atilde; pr & oacute; pria, is & ccedil; walk to destroy & ccedil; & atilde; that of any element that he tries to oppose, international production flow, to better work, pressing for the construction & ccedil; & atilde, the elements that guide. Specifically, for example, the cash flow needs of different interest rates, while the production flow seeks to match the standards of pa & iacute; ses in order to have a more fluid.
Thus, we can see that the one & ccedil; & atilde, the, to be consummated, promote & aacute; concurrent and divergent responses. This promotes ranks & ccedil; & atilde, the flows to be benefited and, thus, format & atilde, the the pol & iacute; adopted optical. More than acting these pol & iacute; optical, deve-se trabalhar com a hierarquia de privilégio dos fluxos que será tão mais instável quanto mais instáveis forem a sociedade e suas classes dirigentes. Thereby, temos que o processo globalizador não pode ser entendido como algo bom ou ruim em si. Não se trata de ser a favor ou contra a globalização, mas sim contra ou a favor de uma dada hierarquização dos fluxos.
The sensation & ccedil; & atilde; the n & atilde, the there are alternative ways & eacute; something real, as well as can be reality Inexist & ecirc; them INSTANCE; However, these paths no more s & atilde; the the pol & iacute; optical adopted to satisfy the hierarchy. That is, both left and right, , and focus on the conseq & uuml; & ecirc; n & TRENDS and atilde, the causes of the pol & iacute; adopted optical, They ignore the great potential opened by the globalizing process.
With the globalizing process and conseq & uuml; entity ranks & ccedil; & atilde, the flows, who have more info & ccedil; & otilde; es have & aacute; more power to act and adapt the process to your desires. Those T & ecirc; M means communicates MAKE-HANDS; s & HAND those pa & iacute; ses more developed technologically, therefore demonstrate that explores the best & ccedil; & otilde; es globalizing movement. In pa & iacute; ses less developed, as & eacute; the case of Brazil, a baixa qualidade da infra-estrutura geral prejudica o fluxo de informações. São as aceleradas transformações tecnológicas que colocam os movimentos de base na defensiva e os de comando na apatia, uma vez que não são de ponta. Uma importante conclusão que podemos tirar para este trabalho é a de que não é o Estado propriamente que foi colocado em xeque, mas as políticas adotadas, bem como a capacidade de implementá-las.
The tributyltin reform á would witness the dist & acirc; INSTANCE between the amplitude of the necessary reforms á holiday and technical nature that are HANDS, the treated. Among the proposals, just we found a large rearrangement of taxes, vislumbremos without a prospect of improvement Tribute & aacute; ria, implying better use of resources and reduces & ccedil; & atilde; the Tribute & aacute cargo, general laugh. The Tribute reform á would we need requires a revision & atilde; the pr & oacute; prio Brazilian State, examining the origin of federal issues.
The Federa & ccedil; & atilde, the Brazilian has a very fr & aacute structure; gil. Federated entities & eacute; expected at least self-sufficiency & ecirc; nce, so that they can be governed to himself pr & oacute; Prias; However, more than ten Brazilian states n & atilde; T & ecirc; m & conditions ccedil; & otilde; es to sustain itself, and the same occurs with more than half of munic & iacute; pious. Like this, criamos uma grande estrutura tributária para poder sustentar todos esses estados e municípios que não têm condições reais de serem entes federados. Therefore, à reforma tributária deve anteceder uma discussão sobre o sistema político brasileiro, that is, devemos promover as reformas políticas.
A Federação deve ser saudável e factível para que possamos discutir as demais reformas.
Enquanto o Estado [sic] S & atilde; Paulo accounts for about 95% scoops of MAKE-HANDS; pr & oacute; Pria and 5% shuttle & ecirc; TRENDS Uni & atilde; the, through & eacute; s part of & ccedil funds; & atilde, the, Acre has 10% scoops of MAKE-HANDS; pr & oacute; Pria 90% shuttle & ecirc; TRENDS. S & atilde, the extreme, and n & atilde; the & eacute; f á cyl imagine a Tribute & aacute system; river that all they see fit. (Alcides Jorge Costa, cited FERRARI, 1998, p. 32.)
O jurista Ives Gandra Martins também corrobora a tese de que a reforma tributária não é suficiente sem uma reforma do Estado. According to him, a
reforma tributária sem reforma do Estado é apenas um exercício acadêmico para saber como a sociedade encontrará meios para se defender de uma vontade cada vez maior do Estado (…). Se não mudarmos o conceito federativo, se não mudarmos primeiro aquilo que é fundamental (define the profile that the company wishes to Federa & ccedil; & atilde, the), I am convinced that, in & uacute; last An á lysis, Tribute to reform á would culminate & aacute; the illusion & atilde, the taxpayer that they bring you & atilde, the anything & uacute; tilde. But, actually, she is destined & aacute; exclusively benefit structure pol & iacute; tica the Federa & ccedil; & atilde; and the cost pol & iacute; tico, the j & aacute society; n & atilde, is to sustain the. (cited FERRARI, 1998, p. 49.)
We can now take up to optimize & ccedil; & atilde; the resources obtained from taxes, but soon a new reform Tribute á would be & aacute; necessary á ria, since costs continue & atilde, the high; in this case, society be & aacute; punished twice: the costs inherent in any reform of the state apparatus and the maintenance & ccedil; & atilde; the incomplete federal pact. & Eacute; No need to discuss & atilde; s & oacute; the reset & ccedil; & atilde; the role of the state, mas sobretudo a estrutura geral que ele deve ter.
Existem bons estudos sobre o federalismo no Brasil; However, a maior parte deles apresenta problemas:
a maior parte não se apoia [sic] em referenciais teóricos e tende a isolar as questões econômico-financeiras das questões políticas. Essa separação obscurece o melhor entendimento do federalismo no Brasil pelo fato de que as regras do sistema tributário e fiscal, including distribution & ccedil; & atilde, the resource between n & iacute; LEVELS of government, always form cap & iacute; detailed titles of forms & ccedil; & otilde; es. This means that any change & ccedil; to the tax rules becomes politicized because it requires change & ccedil; in the & It is ccedil; & atilde, the. (SOUZA, 2001, p. 8.)
The reform pol & iacute; tica also & eacute; l & eacute; & Uacute, useful to realize the gap between being and must-be; this mismatch & eacute; more severe in the Brazilian case, because most of the times n & atilde; we have the conscience & ecirc; it INSTANCE. Among the reform proposals, We find supporters of the district system. There are good arguments for and against, even if the favor is to have more & ccedil, the; anyway, they are & atilde; te & oacute; rich and based on a system that ignores their use, that is, to participate & ccedil; & atilde, the real society.
Back in hist & oacute; ria Brazilian, we see that the district system was first implemented in 1855, and it has been practiced in the Imp & eacute; River (1855 a 1875 e 1881 a 1889) e na República Velha (a partir de 1892).
O interessante é notar que a linha argumentativa permaneceu, in essence, a mesma desde a implementação do sistema; that is, precisamos discutir o uso que a sociedade faz de um determinado sistema, e não ele em si mesmo. Comparemos duas linhas argumentativas favoráveis à instalação do voto distrital: a primeira durante o Império e a segunda já em face da promulgação da Constituição de 1988
During the Imp & eacute; River,
the People of the district system started from the supposition & ccedil; & atilde, the that this system would elect contact the voter, giving rise to greater binding & ccedil; & HAND between the representative and represented, while the election & ccedil; & atilde, the by prov & iacute; INSTANCE made this binds & ccedil; & atilde, the more impersonal and formal. This increased binding & ccedil; & atilde, the, in & conseq Nuuml; & ecirc; INSTANCE, would that local interests were consulted and considered in the legislative house, and these interests would be better known when it came to district deputies. (KINZO, 1980, p. 109.)
J á making the comment á rivers the system pol & iacute; w & optical oacute; s constitutes MAKE-HANDS, the 1988, We have to:
the district system has four conseq & uuml; & ecirc; TRENDS Ben & eacute; you stay: candidates s & atilde, the people known to voters; the election campaign is cheap; the cobran & ccedil, the voters about the acts & ccedil; & atilde, the representative & eacute; constant; a representação fica moralizada e valorizada. (SILVA, 1989, p. 140.)
Para encerrar esta parte, lembremos que o Estado deve servir aos cidadãos e ao bem comum e não deles servir-se.
Um espaço especial deste trabalho é dedicado à cultura política, por acreditar que toda e qualquer discussão de reforma do Estado deve basear-se na cultura política que o brasileiro tem e, to a lesser extent, naquela que seria esperada pelos modelos teóricos.[7]
The souvenir & ccedil; the social influence of the past on the conscience & ecirc; gift INSTANCE, so that n & atilde; we can deny or simply forget the imposing & ccedil; & otilde; es that marked our past, as well as n & atilde; we can pretend that n & atilde; there are the character & iacute; peculiar sticas & aggravate; s relationship & ccedil; & otilde, social es in Brazil. Among the main elements of past historically and socially far this, Temos or caudilhismo Hispanic-American, positivism franc & ecirc; s (“ordem e progresso”), a hegemonia do estabelecimento militar ainda no início da República e o populismo institucionalizado de Getúlio Vargas.
A fim de nos aprofundarmos na questão da cultura política brasileira, citemos uma reflexão do padre José de Anchieta (apud ABREU, 2000, p. 79):
ensinam-lhes os padres todos os dias pela manhã a doutrina, generally, e lhes dizem missa, para os que quiserem ouvir antes de irem para suas roças; depois disso ficam os meninos na escola, where they learn to read and write, count and other good manners, owned & aggravate; pol & iacute; cia Christian & atilde;; & Worse; later have other particular doctrine that we take the Sant & iacute; ssimo Sacramento. Each day v & atilde, the priests visit the sick with some & iacute; Indians deputies to it; and t & ecirc; m some particular needs them come running to them; always teach them the sacraments necessary á rivers… The penalty that & iacute; t & Indians ecirc; m & eacute; Meirinhos given by their governors and made by n & HAND H á more than when they do some crimes, the bailiff sends them getting into a trunk a day or two as he wants; n & atilde; the other has chains or irons justi & ccedil, the… The priests always incite & iacute; Indians that fa & ccedil; always am your ro & ccedil; and the more groceries, for what, if necessary & aacute; rio, They help them with the Portuguese for his rescue, como é verdade que muitos portugueses comem das aldeias, por onde se possa dizer que os padres das Companhias são pais dos índios, assim das almas como dos corpos.
Ela mostra que, desde o começo de nossa formação cultural mista, a distância entre o discurso e a prática, assim como a tendência à imposição de modelos sociais, institucionalizou-se desde muito cedo.
One of the main character & iacute; sticas of our culture pol & iacute; tica & eacute; legalism. In him, it is believed that transforms & ccedil; & atilde; the law in a desire simply to transform & aacute; it really.[8] This occurred during the military regime, when all Brazilian parties ceased to exist, by & for ccedil; the law, and summed up & getting worse; Arena and Democrat Movement á optical Brazilian (MDB). The same occurred in the Constituent 1988, when v á & holiday position ccedil; & otilde; s desires and are encompassed within the body constitutional. Al & eacute; m & make constitutes ccedil; & atilde, the Federal complex work and contradictory & oacute; ria, the Supreme Court was forced to express positions & ccedil; & otilde; es as the themes without import & acirc; INSTANCE to the development of Brazilian society. But, as we adverte Miguel Reale (2000b, p. 29):
al & eacute; with my das, a country & iacute; s is governed by & ccedil; HANDS, the, dynamically, with dedicated & ccedil; & atilde, the, com a consciência da própria dignidade e da própria idoneidade. É mister a dupla consciência da personalidade e da cidadania.
Parte da dificuldade de romper com essa tendência autoritária de promoção da transformação da organização social vem do rápido processo de modernização[9] pelo qual passamos, who left the per & iacute; odo caf & eacute; to directly enter the industrialization & ccedil; & atilde; and the mass society; most of the social structures p & FLYING; to be preserved.[10] The favor and patriarchy s & atilde; the din & acirc; & ccedil upside of interaction; & atilde, the still prevailing social, so that even n & atilde; got him cement a culture pol & iacute; more formal ethics, that necessarily implies greater equalizes MAKE-HANDS, the import & acirc; INSTANCE & every citizen HAND has the.
In societies with little or no tradition & ccedil; & atilde, the civilian, when democracy adopts, & Eacute; understood as a mechanism pol & iacute; n & toxic and atilde; as a & iacute inch system, optical. By designing it as a mechanism, all poss & iacute; LEVELS errors and v & iacute; s & atilde heats, the analyzed taking into account the mechanism, that is, think only in poss & iacute; modifies & LEVELS ccedil; & otilde; es to enable its operation with the m & iacute; nimo poss & iacute; vel ru & iacute; the. Já quando concebemos a democracia como um sistema político, ela deixa de ser o único elemento de nossa análise, que agora envolve o maquinário estatal e as formas de integração e articulação da sociedade civil, para ficarmos com os mais importantes. Dentro dessa segunda perspectiva, qualquer proposta de modificação dos mecanismos da democracia enquadrar-se-á num contexto mais amplo e altamente interdependente; thus, these mechanisms be & atilde; the thought above all in fun & ccedil; & atilde; the use of them & eacute; done and the concrete results of such use.
The Standing & ccedil, the central democracy n & atilde; the & eacute; the voter (at least n & atilde, the can be), but the citizens & atilde, the. The citizens & atilde; n & atilde; the rights and solely obliges & ccedil; & otilde; s election and of a private nature: also & eacute; m has rights and forces & ccedil; & otilde; es to society and to the state. When the citizens & atilde, the part of the debate p & uacute; PUBLIC, ele allows or plurality pol RIVER tico – soul of democracy – let only mean & ecirc exist; INSTANCE v á rias position & ccedil; & otilde; es to turn into di á logo. & Eacute; comparison of the ID & eacute; IAS and project the & ccedil; & HAND what the citizens & HAND to a pa & iacute; s can be understood as members of a single whole and, therefore, Fighting & atilde, the for her. Quando o debate político fica restrito a questões técnicas ou entrincheirado, cada grupo tentará tomar a maior parte possível do aparato estatal a fim de promover seus interesses particulares. Like this, uma das principais tarefas de um governo é promover o debate público, o que implica a criação de mecanismos de debate intra-social.
The need for promo & ccedil; & atilde; the intra-social debate v & ecirc; pronounced themselves with the changes & ccedil; & otilde; s why the world goes, j á that this debate must first occur in n & iacute; LEVELS local. The city emerged in the Gr & eacute; former CIA in recognition & aggravate; Slave passage to citizens & atilde, the; it occurs exceeds & ccedil; & atilde; the myth in search of the law, making poss & iacute; a level search & atilde reason, the (philosophy) and pluralism (Pol & iacute; tica).
The city has developed and is now facing the globalizing context, where n & atilde; the & eacute; the indiv & iacute; duo that goes to the world, but the world coming to indiv & iacute; duo through & eacute; s of their daily lives. The subway & oacute; poles emerge as the main ways in which the flows of globalization & ccedil; & atilde; invade people's lives, changing the. Cities & T ecirc; m their structures increased by reason & atilde; the multiplies & ccedil; & atilde, the fun & the ccedil; & otilde; s passing to develop. Enquanto há um século as questões que envolviam as relações internacionais davam-se primordialmente por meio do governo federal, atualmente as grandes metrópoles passam a desenvolver muitas dessas tarefas (procurando financiamento internacional para seus programas, for example).
As metrópoles de hoje são o resultado direto da concentração espacial do processo de modernização (ferrovias, telégrafos, rodovias, centros culturais), and by & eacute; s them the flows of globalization & ccedil; & HAND translate into the pre á daily topical, that is, the character & iacute; sticas pre á topical it depend & HAND quality of the subway & oacute; poles: the more disorganized are, More & atilde be messy; the streams.
The metropoliza MAKE-HANDS; est á concentrated in pa & iacute; ses less technologically developed, uma vez que esses países têm verbas reduzidas para atender à modernização de todo seu território, levando a uma concentração ainda maior do poder em torno de algumas elites que possuem essa infra-estrutura de tradução das forças da globalização em políticas e projetos concretos. Faced with the inability to create a convergence & ecirc; goals INSTANCE attempting formula & ccedil; & atilde, the the same pol & iacute; tica in raz & atilde; the speed with which change the guides & ccedil; & otilde; es of each of these holders of infrastructure translates & ccedil ; & atilde, the, the pol & iacute; s & optical government atilde, the weakened (lack the din & acirc; mica necessary á ria to current times).
To bring the world to you, the subway & oacute; poles of bread has attributed less technologically developed countries Find also accentuate em the difference & ccedil social, j á that an increasingly small group tries to maintain the same standard & otilde; es those pa & iacute; more developed ses, whereas little attention MAKE-HANDS; the & eacute; given & aggravate; quela portion of the population & ccedil; & atilde, the n & atilde, the can keep these n & iacute; LEVELS, as can be seen with the increasing growth of slums and sub & uacute; rbios increasingly distant from governing commercial center of the metro & oacute; pole.
The first conclusion & atilde, the we can come & eacute; to that state reform must include a meaningful discussion & atilde; the federal pact before starting deeper reforms and costly in other á areas. Two would be the reason & otilde; es for it: (1) est & aacute as;, the federal pact & eacute;, in terms Tribute & aacute; rivers, insustentável em médio prazo, pois alguns entes federados são responsáveis pela manutenção de todo o aparato federal e, diante da necessidade crescente de recursos, até mesmo esses entes financiadores poderão ficar impossibilitados de continuar a sustentar o funcionamento da Federação; e (2) o pacto federativo deve ser refeito diante da nova estrutura mundial, that is, federação, states and munic & iacute; n & atilde pious, the competitors may be in some fun & ccedil; & otilde; es; It must be clearly established the function MAKE-HANDS, each of the federated. This allows & aacute; better optimizes & ccedil; & atilde; the effort of & ccedil; the pol & iacute; ticos, and strengthening & aacute; the munic & iacute; to peep, As pointed out earlier, It has been gaining momentum in the globalized world.
Another conclusion & atilde; we got to the & eacute; that & aggravate; reform pol & iacute; tica and, to some extent, administrativa deve preceder um trabalho com a cultura política do país. Qualquer mudança nessa cultura por certo demora algumas gerações; however, o importante de iniciarmos uma discussão real e aberta sobre a questão é que isso permitirá que nos entendamos melhor, o que levará ao estabelecimento de algumas metas de reforma política mais condizentes com nossa realidade.
Acabo este texto sem propor tipos, models or examples of reforms by which Brazil have & aacute; spending. However, it is made necessary & aacute; rio for us to promote a reform that exceeds state reform, for a reform involving all of Brazilian society.
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______. Semin & aacute; rio Thinking Brazil (Cedec). Table & ldquo; How to Think?”. Sao Paulo: Center Universit & aacute; rio Maria Antonia, 15 from May of 2001.
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* Teacher Course & Rela ccedil; & otilde; s International Center of the Universit & aacute; Ibero American River (UNIBERO) and Director of Focus R. I. – advisory & Consulting International Relations.
[1] Although I am thinking about another moment of our historical & oacute; ria and different perspectives, esse exercício foi feito por Antônio Cândido, Gilberto Freyre, S & eacute; rgio Buarque Holland, Caio Prado J & uacute; senior, Florestan Fernandes e Celso Furtado.
[2] Ainda que os principais atores que podem atuar nesse novo pacto sejam as elites políticas e, to a lesser extent, as elites econômicas, acredito que a responsabilidade por ele é de toda a sociedade, já que envolve questões políticas mais profundas e que, therefore, afetarão a estrutura social.
[3] A abrupta diminuição dos dispositivos não significa uma diminuição do tamanho da União, uma vez que ao presidente foram conferidos grandes poderes, como mostra o art. 14 da Constituição: “o Presidente da República, observadas as disposições constitucionais e nos limites das respectivas dotações orçamentárias, poderá freely issue decree-laws on organizing & ccedil; & atilde, the Government and manages & ccedil; & atilde, the federal, the supreme command and organize & ccedil & atilde; or for the MAKE-armed” (emphasis added).
[4] The Third Way came up with the Labor ingl & ecirc; s Tony Blair and the French Socialist Jospin.
[5] The term globalization & ccedil; & atilde, the even n & atilde, the alcan & ccedil; or status concept, so that & eacute; used in many different ways and for various prop & oacute; ments. While some cr & iacute; ticos point to its origin in the movements of capitalism era informs & ccedil; & atilde, the, others seek its origins in the Great Crusades, who recovered the lands and cat & oacute souls; lytic for the Church and expanded markets for the rising bourgeoisie. For prop & oacute; this text sites, n & HAND develop a vis the seek HANDS; te & oacute; broad rich qualities and origins of globalization MAKE-HANDS, the, instead, here to understand how (1) a possibility which opened for people to feel members of the same community and, in some cases, this community understand all people as members; e, & cause and conseq Nuuml; & ecirc, it INSTANCE, (2) the relationship & ccedil & otilde; is & FLYING economic nature; mica, facilitated by Ghost á stico technological development & oacute; gallic, which now present themselves in a way with trend & ecirc; homogenizing INSTANCE around the world.
[6] & Ldquo; Although the state remains an important agent in the indu & ccedil; & atilde; the development, their primary role is to receive and process the signals of the interconnected global system and adequ & aacute; it & aggravate; s chances of pa & iacute; s, leaves it up to private companies to assume the risk, invest and create wealth or mis & eacute; Ria according to capacity and RACING & ecirc; INSTANCE.” (Manuel Castells, with Bresser Pereira, 1989, p. 153)
[7] A importância disso advém da tendência à importação de modelos teóricos e de formas de reflexão que ocorrem em sociedades com uma cultura política diferente daquela encontrada aqui. Para dar apenas uma idéia da dimensão da necessidade de pensar a particularidade brasileira, veja-se a inversão – em relação ao caso europeu clássico – de formação da nação e do Estado.
[8] Entre as propostas de reforma política, destaca-se a defesa do estabelecimento da fidelidade partidária. Nela, o governante teria seu mandato atrelado ao partido com o qual elegeu-se, o que impediria a troca constante – por interesses pessoais – de partido. No d & uacute; life, essa idéia procura tratar de um problema da realidade política brasileira; even so, reafirma o legalismo ao promover a fixação de uma identidade político-partidária através da lei. Besides that, can occur from one party to change their way of acting & ccedil; & atilde, the legislature during a, whatever & ccedil; aria rulers with identities pol & iacute; Fret ideol & oacute; gicas heavily sedimented to switch parties. Another factor that should participate in this discussion & atilde; the & eacute; the trend & ecirc; INSTANCE of the Brazilian vote for candidates specific & iacute; n & atilde and physical; the parties in.
[9] Among the trace MAKE-of the modern, we can mention: (1) individualism, allowing & aggravate; person be thought of as an entity & uacute; single and n & atilde, as a constituent of a larger group; (2) rationalism, which are & oacute; accepts certainty that are based on ratio HANDS, the; e (3) the primacy of the written law, replacing the usual (KUJAWSKI, 1982, p. 99).
[10] & Ldquo; In & acirc; scope of sociability, the effects n & atilde, the may be less disruptive to. Play the traditional rhythms and times to v & oacute; swirling of powerful turns & ccedil; & otilde; es of which n & atilde; the & eacute; the subject, what could be the emergence of the private society becomes Privatism, desperate escape from the informal, of chance and luck, the fear of the other” (OLIVEIRA, 2000, p. 62-3).